Jul 16, 2015 · TimThumb. TimThumb has been a long time favorite image resize script for WordPress theme authors. But, with the new WordPress Theme Submission Requirements on ThemeForest, we have to say goodbye to TimThumb. This article will teach you how to transition your themes away from TimThumb, and into a new image resize script called BFIThumb.. The TimThumb Saga. August 8, 2011 WordPress. Last week there was a serious flaw found in the code behind TimThumb, an image re-sizing library commonly used in premium themes.*. Because the code is commonly embedded in themes it’s not easy to discretely update like it would be if the code were a plugin, and even when a theme is updated people ...Mar 21, 2021 · WPScanは、セキュリティの専門家やブログの管理者がサイトのセキュリティをテストするために作成された、非営利目的の無料のブラックボックスWordPressセキュリティスキャナーです。. インターネット経由で、外からWordPressに対してスキャンして、WordPressや ... The TimThumb script is exploitable only if the WebShot feature is enabled. By default, WebShot is disabled. TimThumb is a small php script for cropping, zooming and resizing web images (jpg, png, gif). Many WordPress themes and plugins distribute this script. A remote code execution vulnerability was reported in the WebShot feature of this script.2. This is most likely because your file cache directory permissions do not allow TimThumb to write to it. To find your file cache directory go into the timthumb configuration file and look for "FILE_CACHE_DIRECTORY" constant. Modify the permissions on that folder and make sure it is writable by the user executing the script. TimThumb es un script PHP que redimensiona imágenes de manera dinámica, a menudo incluido en temas y plugins WordPress. Guarda una cache de las imágenes procesadas por razones de rendimiento en su carpeta de cache por defecto, llamada cache, situada a un nivel de carpetas por encima del mismo script. Afortunadamente,…You're using a non-WordPress script to generate a non-WordPress file cache, and hitting a non-WordPress host file limit. Try to have TimThumb cache 9000 images using a different CMS, and you'll have the identical problem, with the identical (non-WordPress-related) solution. – Chip Bennett. Feb 6, 2013 at 14:16. 0 – 100. Compression quality. The higher the number the nicer the image will look. I wouldn’t recommend going any higher than about 95 else the image will get too large › TimThumb image quality tutorial. a. alignment. c, t, l, r, b, tl, tr, bl, br. Crop alignment. c = center, t = top, b = bottom, r = right, l = left.0 – 100. Compression quality. The higher the number the nicer the image will look. I wouldn’t recommend going any higher than about 95 else the image will get too large › TimThumb image quality tutorial. a. alignment. c, t, l, r, b, tl, tr, bl, br. Crop alignment. c = center, t = top, b = bottom, r = right, l = left.Go to the JIG Plugin Settings > TimThumb & CDN tab. Set Use TimThumb to No. Below that, you can pick a WordPress-generated thumbnail size (if a small one exists) with the Base thumbnail on an image size setting. This combo turns off Retina Ready and much of the nice thumbnail features JIG is known for. Aug 17, 2011 · We are seeing large scale attacks against the vulnerable timthumb.php script in the wild. Thousands of sites are getting compromised and if you have it in your WordPress site, you better get it fixed right I do not know the reason, but TimThumb did not ever like URLs with “~” in them and always had trouble reading the path. That seems to be in your URL and is very likely a problem. That seems to be in your URL and is very likely a problem.You're using a non-WordPress script to generate a non-WordPress file cache, and hitting a non-WordPress host file limit. Try to have TimThumb cache 9000 images using a different CMS, and you'll have the identical problem, with the identical (non-WordPress-related) solution. – Chip Bennett. Feb 6, 2013 at 14:16.TimThumb is no longer supported or maintained. TimThumb is a simple, flexible, PHP script that resizes images. You give it a bunch of parameters, and it spits out a thumbnail image that you can display on your site. TimThumb has seen a massive amount of use across the WordPress world, and a few months after we released it, I took over ...Jul 15, 2014 · TimThumb (timthumb.php) before 2.0 does not validate the entire source with the domain white list, which allows remote attackers to upload and execute arbitrary code via a URL containing a white-listed domain in the src parameter, then accessing it via a direct request to the file in the cache directory, as exploited in the wild in August 2011. Jun 12, 2017 · 另外，timthumb.php对图片的处理也会消耗一定的服务器资源。存在安全隐患。 解决思路. 后来我看到OSS其实自带图片处理功能。如果能从OSS中直接得到处理好的图片，同时解决了加载速度和图片样式的问题，岂不美哉？ I have timthumb.php inside /webroot and the images inside /webroot/img . Also I have my cache and temp folders inside /webroot but I don't have a clue if that's ok? If I remove the timthumb code the image will show (just not at the proper size)1 Answer. Look in your timthumb-config.php, to check if the FILE_CACHE_DIRECTORY is set to the directory you think it is. You could also delete the existing index.html file that's in the tim thumb cache directory, as tim thumb will automatically create it. You may also need to check the config file to see if the MEMORY_LIMIT is set high enough ...TimThumb is no longer supported or maintained. TimThumb is a simple, flexible, PHP script that resizes images. You give it a bunch of parameters, and it spits out a thumbnail image that you can display on your site. TimThumb has seen a massive amount of use across the WordPress world, and a few months after we released it, I took over ... Feb 8, 2014 · The TimThumb 'timthumb.php' script installed on the remote host is prior to version 2.8.14. It is, therefore, affected by a remote command execution vulnerability due to a failure to properly sanitize user-supplied input to the 'src' parameter. A remote, unauthenticated attacker can leverage this issue to execute arbitrary commands on the ... Here is a checklist to ensure TimThumb is working properly: All folders should have permissions (chmod) of 755, especially the cache folder. All files should have permissions of 644, especially the timthumbs.php file. Contact HostGator to request mod_security whitelisting. You don't need to worry about what that means, just bring this problem ... The TimThumb Saga. August 8, 2011 WordPress. Last week there was a serious flaw found in the code behind TimThumb, an image re-sizing library commonly used in premium themes.*. Because the code is commonly embedded in themes it’s not easy to discretely update like it would be if the code were a plugin, and even when a theme is updated people ...Visiting the actual TimThumb links, here's what you get. You need to add an additional rule into .htaccess to prevent the redirect occurring on the TimThumb script:1 Answer. Look in your timthumb-config.php, to check if the FILE_CACHE_DIRECTORY is set to the directory you think it is. You could also delete the existing index.html file that's in the tim thumb cache directory, as tim thumb will automatically create it. You may also need to check the config file to see if the MEMORY_LIMIT is set high enough ...1. There are no steps to reproduce the problem, have a look at josephestates.ie 2. Here you will see the images on the home screen are not appearing. 3. This only happens with images that are host on the site, I can run the script ( from the site ) referencing external images and there is no issue.我不评价timbthumb, 并且认为它存在安全问题。安装并使用ThumbGen插件。 然后, 你可以通过普通的可编辑条件php语句轻松地使用它。Apr 23, 2014 · Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! Please be sure to answer the question.Provide details and share your research! But avoid …. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Jun 29, 2021 · Thumb Print. In these testing times when children are confined to their home, it is imperative to give them their dose of fun and happiness. If you’ve been following our posts, you would have gathered that our activities fill our children with glee. Grade 2 children created these resplendent masterpieces. Here’s a twist to the tale. TimThumb with relative path for wordpress themes. GitHub Gist: instantly share code, notes, and snippets.Oct 30, 2012 · In the script that loads timthumb.php add the following line before the call to include. define ('FILE_CACHE_DIRECTORY', './cache') and change ./cache to wherever you want your cache to be. Explanation: The script checks if the constant FILE_CACHE_DIRECTORY was defined by you, if not it will use the default value (./cache). Feeding Splunk a year of Timthumb Attacks Timthumb Events per month over 1 year. To begin, I installed Splunk and fed it a single file. The file contained 12 months worth of logs from my Nginx web server. I used grep to only feed log entries that included thumb in the path and resulted in a 404 not found. In other words, every log event that I ...Sorted by: 3. The upgraded version of timthumb has many security mechanisms in place to prevent those vulnerabilities and the code has been more closely inspected after the discovery. I am personally using it on several sites, and would not think it's any less secure than any other alternative.Feb 8, 2014 · 1 Answer. Look in your timthumb-config.php, to check if the FILE_CACHE_DIRECTORY is set to the directory you think it is. You could also delete the existing index.html file that's in the tim thumb cache directory, as tim thumb will automatically create it. You may also need to check the config file to see if the MEMORY_LIMIT is set high enough ... Feb 8, 2014 · This page contains detailed information about the TimThumb 'timthumb.php' < 2.8.14 WebShot 'src' Parameter Remote Command Execution Nessus plugin including available exploits and PoCs found on GitHub, in Metasploit or Exploit-DB for verifying of this vulnerability. Feb 27, 2023 · TimThumb is an image resizing script that many themes use or have used in the past. It functions by calling the TimThumb PHP script file, with image dimensions specified at the end. In this way the script will serve to dynamically resize images, which is something that WordPress couldn’t do by default several years ago. Oct 17, 2014 · Tạo ảnh thumbnail với TimThumb.php. TimThumb là script PHP đơn giản, linh hoạt cho phép bạn thay đổi kích thước file ảnh. Bạn chỉ cần gọi file TimThumb.php và sử dụng các tham số đi kèm để tạo ra nhiều kích thước từ ảnh gốc mà bạn muốn hiển thị trên website. TimThumb được ... Sorted by: 3. The upgraded version of timthumb has many security mechanisms in place to prevent those vulnerabilities and the code has been more closely inspected after the discovery. I am personally using it on several sites, and would not think it's any less secure than any other alternative.Aug 29, 2019 · One of the most famous attacks in the WordPress ecosystem during 2011-2014 was the exploitation of the TimThumb vulnerability. TimThumb was a simple PHP script used for resizing images. A large number of popular WordPress themes and plugins used this script. Back in 2011, a vulnerability in this script was discovered which allowed attackers to ... Aug 1, 2022 · Tiêu biểu của cuộc tấn công này là sự cố Timthumb – plugin số 1 cho resize ảnh WordPress những năm trước đây. Tấn công bảo mật Timthumb nguồn BlogVault Lợi dụng lỗi bảo mật trong file timthumb.php, hacker có thể upload mã độc từ một file php lưu trữ ở một server bất kỳ ... This site uses cookies to store information on your computer. By continuing to use our site, you consent to our cookies. If you are not happy with the use of these cookies, please review our Cookie Policy to learn how they can be disabled.Sep 19, 2011 · Vulnerable App: # Exploit Title: Multiple Wordpress timthumb.php reuse vulnerabilities # Date: 09/19/2011 # Author: Ben Schmidt (supernothing (AT) spareclockcycles.org @_supernothing) --- Description --- The following Wordpress plugins reuse a vulnerable version of the timthumb.php library. By hosting a malicious GIF file with PHP code appended ... Jun 29, 2021 · Thumb Print. In these testing times when children are confined to their home, it is imperative to give them their dose of fun and happiness. If you’ve been following our posts, you would have gathered that our activities fill our children with glee. Grade 2 children created these resplendent masterpieces. Here’s a twist to the tale. Feb 5, 2013 · 3. the url passed to the timthumb.php is already url encoded.; the cache directories exist; i chmodded the folders to 777. With the older version of timthumb i saw files being saved to the cache folder, but since that script is not safe i had to delete it from my server. tried both 777 and 755 on the cache folder. i'm not making cross domain requests. beedub7. [Plugin: Timthumb Vulnerability Scanner] 311 characters of unexpected output upon activation. Started by: spherical. Please try using a clean and working TimThumb and see if you still have that issue. If you can render the local image example, then just add the external domain to your allowed domains. If you can't then it's most-likely server misconfiguration - try adding the following lines at the beginning of timthumb.php: error_reporting (E_ALL); ini_set ...Jul 15, 2014 · TimThumb src parameter is a url with it's own parameters. I'm implementing timthumb to resize and create thumbnails of attached images on a forum. The forum uploads the images and they're accessible via it's own query string, and it also creates 1 thumbnail (for the post/thread view). The tim thumb is needed to create another, even smaller ... Here is a checklist to ensure TimThumb is working properly: All folders should have permissions (chmod) of 755, especially the cache folder. All files should have permissions of 644, especially the timthumbs.php file. Contact HostGator to request mod_security whitelisting. You don't need to worry about what that means, just bring this problem ... I do not know the reason, but TimThumb did not ever like URLs with “~” in them and always had trouble reading the path. That seems to be in your URL and is very likely a problem. That seems to be in your URL and is very likely a problem.== Changelog == = 1.4 = * Largely rewrote codebase to clean up code. * Added functionality to download latest version of timthumb rather than relying on static version included in plugin. * Added functionality to check if there is a newer version of timthumb available. * Added scan to find obvious evidence of intrusion using timthumb exploit.wordpress: image resize timthumb. GitHub Gist: instantly share code, notes, and snippets. 12. Look in your timthumb-config.php, to check if the FILE_CACHE_DIRECTORY is set to the directory you think it is. You could also delete the existing index.html file that's in the tim thumb cache directory, as tim thumb will automatically create it (back it up somewhere first just in case) You may also need to check the config file to see if ...I am using timthumb.php for resizing images . It works with local image but what if i have URL that will fetch image from MYSQL and then i want to resize that image on the fly before displaying? I tried several ways. my URL that will fetch image from MYSQL is2. This is most likely because your file cache directory permissions do not allow TimThumb to write to it. To find your file cache directory go into the timthumb configuration file and look for "FILE_CACHE_DIRECTORY" constant. Modify the permissions on that folder and make sure it is writable by the user executing the script. Feb 6, 2020 · What is a TimThumb Exploit? TimThumb is a PHP script that lets users import images from image-hosting websites (like flickr.com and imgur.com) and edit them on the fly, especially to make thumbnails. TimThumb had a list of trusted websites and only those images from those websites were retrieved. WordPress Plugin TimThumb 1.32 - Remote Code Execution. CVE-2011-4106 . webapps exploit for PHP platform Exploit Database Exploits. GHDB. Papers. Shellcodes.TimThumb. TimThumb is a simple, flexible, PHP script that resizes images. My intention is to have an updated repo which works with composer on all my known LAMP server configurations because the only timthumb repo on packagist is out of date (2.8.11) which doesn't works for me.Aug 8, 2011 · The TimThumb Saga. August 8, 2011 WordPress. Last week there was a serious flaw found in the code behind TimThumb, an image re-sizing library commonly used in premium themes.*. Because the code is commonly embedded in themes it’s not easy to discretely update like it would be if the code were a plugin, and even when a theme is updated people ... This reduces load on your server and can help prevent malware if your version or future versions of timthumb become vulnerable to XSS. Add a new image size to your site add_image_size( 'home-post-featured', 670, 9999, false ); Use Regenerate Thumbnails, then replace the timthumb code in your template to use the_post_thumbnail()TimThumb is an image resizing script that many themes use or have used in the past. It functions by calling the TimThumb PHP script file, with image dimensions specified at the end. In this way the script will serve to dynamically resize images, which is something that WordPress couldn’t do by default several years ago.Busted: Top fake news in the Philippines this week. Mark Nituma March 9, 2018. News so bad and disgusting, it’ll make you hesitate to share or hit that angry button on Facebook. Think twice, as spreading and liking hoaxes only fuels the viral fire. In the Philippines, battling fake news is like holding back a tsunami.Jun 29, 2021 · Thumb Print. In these testing times when children are confined to their home, it is imperative to give them their dose of fun and happiness. If you’ve been following our posts, you would have gathered that our activities fill our children with glee. Grade 2 children created these resplendent masterpieces. Here’s a twist to the tale. Jul 15, 2014 · TimThumb (timthumb.php) before 2.0 does not validate the entire source with the domain white list, which allows remote attackers to upload and execute arbitrary code via a URL containing a white-listed domain in the src parameter, then accessing it via a direct request to the file in the cache directory, as exploited in the wild in August 2011. Helpful Resources. WordPress Video Tutorials WPBeginner’s WordPress 101 video tutorials will teach you how to create and manage your own site(s) for FREE.; WPBeginner Facebook Group Get our WordPress experts and community of 80,000+ smart website owners (it's free).Jul 20, 2011 · I had to either change the file size of the images or change the timthumb's setting to handle bigger images. This line in the timthumb.php file: define ('MAX_FILE_SIZE', 3000000); // file size limit to prevent possible DOS attacks (roughly 3 megabytes) Url preparation for mod rewrite htaccess generator. Write down your old and new urls in some table like Google sheets. Use only correct urls with "http" or "https" or just relevant without domain name. Mark, copy and paste both columns into the first field of redirect htaccess generator. Spaces between the urls and line breaks will be inserted ... SEO friendly URL while using Timthumb. 2 how to rewrite in a htacess file. 0 friendly timthumb URL with .htaccess. 0 Phpthumb non-exisiting url redirection with ...What is the TimThumb hack? The TimThumb hack was highly active during 2011 – 14 on many WordPress sites. In 2011, a small vulnerability popped up in this script, which allowed hackers to upload PHP files. To understand the vulnerability, let’s look at the GET request that was used to download the images to the cache directory.Feb 8, 2014 · This page contains detailed information about the TimThumb 'timthumb.php' < 2.8.14 WebShot 'src' Parameter Remote Command Execution Nessus plugin including available exploits and PoCs found on GitHub, in Metasploit or Exploit-DB for verifying of this vulnerability. 说了半天，什么是 timthumb.php 呢？. 这是一个专门为 WordPress 而开发的缩略图应用的项目。. 有点类似于插件，但是又和 WordPress 插件不同，因为它不是被上传于 plugins 文件夹下，而是需要上传到你的主题文件夹中。. 你可以在这里了解和下载最新版本的 timthumb.php ... We are seeing large scale attacks against the vulnerable timthumb.php script in the wild. Thousands of sites are getting compromised and if you have it in your WordPress site, you better get it fixed rightI had this problem when I moved a wordpress site to CloudWays which used varnish. I had to find the varnish configuration section and specifically exclude the timthumb.php script from varnish. This solved my issue because each call to timthumb.php to resize an image must be processed and it cannot be cached. I hope this helps you...wordpress. Wordpress Timthumb:找不到指定的内部映像,wordpress,timthumb,Wordpress,Timthumb,我对Timthum的这个版本有以下问题：2.8.10（在Wordpress安装服务器Ubuntu上运行）： -当我从托管网站的服务器调用图像时，我遇到了以下错误： 发生了一个错误 发生以下错误： 查询字符串 ... Mar 10, 2015 · As Timthumb is now unsupported is there anything which can replace it? I need to create smaller copies of large photos automatically (800*600) and the only suggestions I see when searching on Google is for Wordpress functions to replace Timthumb functionality but I'm not using a CMS package. Jan 10, 2014 · TimThumb es un script PHP que redimensiona imágenes de manera dinámica, a menudo incluido en temas y plugins WordPress. Guarda una cache de las imágenes procesadas por razones de rendimiento en su carpeta de cache por defecto, llamada cache, situada a un nivel de carpetas por encima del mismo script. Afortunadamente,… 2. This is most likely because your file cache directory permissions do not allow TimThumb to write to it. To find your file cache directory go into the timthumb configuration file and look for "FILE_CACHE_DIRECTORY" constant. Modify the permissions on that folder and make sure it is writable by the user executing the script. TimThumb is no longer supported or maintained. TimThumb is a simple, flexible, PHP script that resizes images. You give it a bunch of parameters, and it spits out a thumbnail image that you can display on your site. TimThumb has seen a massive amount of use across the WordPress world, and a few months after we released it, I took over ...Oct 4, 2013 · Instructions to get website screenshots enabled on Ubuntu Linux: 1. Install Xvfb with the following command: sudo apt-get install subversion libqt4-webkit libqt4-dev g++ xvfb 2. Go to a directory where you can download some code 3. Check-out the latest version of CutyCapt with the following command: svn co https://cutycapt.svn.sourceforge.net ... Timthumb is a PHP script that helps WordPress users to resize images for their thumbnails. However, hackers found a loophole in the way the PHP script works. The Timthumb vulnerability allowed hackers to inject malicious PHP code into websites by disguising the code as the image downloaded from trusted websites.So we decided to create a leaner, meaner, MUCH MORE SECURE fork of TimThumb. To that end we've foregone full backward compatibility with the old TimThumb code. Here are the major changes: Removed the WebShots features entirely. Removed the PHP Memory settings entirely. Disabled all remote/external sites by default.
Url preparation for mod rewrite htaccess generator. Write down your old and new urls in some table like Google sheets. Use only correct urls with "http" or "https" or just relevant without domain name. Mark, copy and paste both columns into the first field of redirect htaccess generator. Spaces between the urls and line breaks will be inserted ... . 5
Dec 2, 2021 · Timthumb is a PHP script that helps WordPress users to resize images for their thumbnails. However, hackers found a loophole in the way the PHP script works. The Timthumb vulnerability allowed hackers to inject malicious PHP code into websites by disguising the code as the image downloaded from trusted websites. You're using a non-WordPress script to generate a non-WordPress file cache, and hitting a non-WordPress host file limit. Try to have TimThumb cache 9000 images using a different CMS, and you'll have the identical problem, with the identical (non-WordPress-related) solution. – Chip Bennett. Feb 6, 2013 at 14:16. The Final Version of TimThumb, 2.8.14, from code.google.com - GitHub - tvcnet/timthumb: The Final Version of TimThumb, 2.8.14, from code.google.comIn a previous blog post, we discussed the common lifecycle of web server botnet recruitment.While installing perl IRC botnet scripts is a common tactic for post-exploitation, it is by no means the only method used to interact with or control compromised websites.You're using a non-WordPress script to generate a non-WordPress file cache, and hitting a non-WordPress host file limit. Try to have TimThumb cache 9000 images using a different CMS, and you'll have the identical problem, with the identical (non-WordPress-related) solution. – Chip Bennett. Feb 6, 2013 at 14:16. 其实这个TimThumb插件还真的挺好用的，这个插件会将大尺寸的图片生成缩略图用来在你的WordPress网站的展示，这可能是每一个人都需要的功能。 但是如果你也使用了这样一个方便好用的插件的话，那么此时你可能会面临很严重安全问题——一个任意代码执行漏洞。说了半天，什么是 timthumb.php 呢？. 这是一个专门为 WordPress 而开发的缩略图应用的项目。. 有点类似于插件，但是又和 WordPress 插件不同，因为它不是被上传于 plugins 文件夹下，而是需要上传到你的主题文件夹中。. 你可以在这里了解和下载最新版本的 timthumb.php ... Aug 1, 2022 · Tiêu biểu của cuộc tấn công này là sự cố Timthumb – plugin số 1 cho resize ảnh WordPress những năm trước đây. Tấn công bảo mật Timthumb nguồn BlogVault Lợi dụng lỗi bảo mật trong file timthumb.php, hacker có thể upload mã độc từ một file php lưu trữ ở một server bất kỳ ... Final step would be to take timthumb.php and burn it with the fire of a thousand suns. Afterwards pat yourself on the back, you're now using best practices and you've future proofed yourself against a whole myriad of potential security and maintenance issues ( and slimmed down your codebase too =p ). Description. The TimThumb 'timthumb.php' script installed on the remote host is affected by a remote command execution vulnerability due to a failure to properly sanitize user-supplied input to the 'src' parameter. A remote, unauthenticated attacker can leverage this issue to execute arbitrary commands on the remote host. Visiting the actual TimThumb links, here's what you get. You need to add an additional rule into .htaccess to prevent the redirect occurring on the TimThumb script:Dec 2, 2021 · Timthumb is a PHP script that helps WordPress users to resize images for their thumbnails. However, hackers found a loophole in the way the PHP script works. The Timthumb vulnerability allowed hackers to inject malicious PHP code into websites by disguising the code as the image downloaded from trusted websites. Visit your neighborhood Tom Thumb located at 2727 Live Oak St, Dallas, TX, for a convenient and friendly grocery experience! From our deli, bakery, fresh produce and helpful pharmacy staff, we've got you covered! Our bakery features customizable cakes, cupcakes and more while the deli offers a variety of party trays, made to order. 我不评价timbthumb, 并且认为它存在安全问题。安装并使用ThumbGen插件。 然后, 你可以通过普通的可编辑条件php语句轻松地使用它。SEO friendly URL while using Timthumb. 2 how to rewrite in a htacess file. 0 friendly timthumb URL with .htaccess. 0 Phpthumb non-exisiting url redirection with ...Feb 8, 2010 · First let me know are you using WordPress Multisite? If yes then you dont need edit anything in timthumb.php me do like it. This is what I have done to get timthumb to work with multisite. You need to add this code to your theme's functions.php file Jul 15, 2014 · TimThumb src parameter is a url with it's own parameters. I'm implementing timthumb to resize and create thumbnails of attached images on a forum. The forum uploads the images and they're accessible via it's own query string, and it also creates 1 thumbnail (for the post/thread view). The tim thumb is needed to create another, even smaller ... .